SWITCHING IN ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS By Rene Smeets, Lou van der Sluis, Mirsad Kapetanovic and Anton Janssen

SWITCHING IN ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS By Rene Smeets, Lou van der Sluis, Mirsad Kapetanovic and Anton Janssen

Contents:

1 Switching in Power Systems

2 Faults in Power Systems

3 Fault-Current Breaking and Making

4 Load Switching

5 Calculation of Switching Transients

6 Current Interruption in Gaseous Media

7 Gas Circuit-Breakers

8 Current Interruption in Vacuum

9 Vacuum Circuit-Breakers

10 Special Switching Situations

11 Switching Overvoltages and Their Mitigation

12 Reliability Studies of Switchgear

13 Standards, Specifcation, and Commissioning

14 Testing

Preface:

At the turn of the nineteenth century, a revolution took place in electrical engineering. In a rather short time, the transformer was invented, electric generators and motors were designed, and the step from DC to AC transmission was made. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the transmission voltages were steadily increased to reduce transmission losses. To improve operating effciency, power systems began to be interconnected. Reserve power or spinning reserve could be then shared and capital expenditure could be reduced.